This report aims to synthesize the available literature and research with respect to the use of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing. It reviews not only the environmental, social, technical, and economic impacts of using alternative fuels in cement kilns, but also compares alternative fuel use with other end-of-life options. It outlines how the use of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing could improve the industry‟s overall competitiveness, while reducing the industry‟s costs and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the manufacture of cement.